|
|
Legal protection of the ozone layer
Žujová, Magdaléna ; Humlíčková, Petra (advisor) ; Snopková, Tereza (referee)
107 Summary The Ozone layer of the Earth located in the stratosphere in an altitude of 20 to 50 kilometres is the important part of the gases surrounding the planet Earth. Its purpose is to absorb UV radiation that otherwise very negatively affects life on the Earth. During the twentieth century, this ability was weakened by the emission of substances proven much later to be very dangerous in this way. Until 1987, by various chemical reactions, in particular of chlorine atoms, the ozone hole has been formed over the South Pole of the Earth, not fully healed yet. In 1985, risk to human life led using the precautionary principle to the adoption of the Vienna Convention and subsequently of its implementing protocol including specific obligations especially the control measures of the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances and of the trade with them in 1987. The protocol was later modified by amendments and adjustments. This diploma thesis describes these acts with respect to their evolution and actual state of knowledge. At European level, it shows the evolution of the European environmental law in focus on the protection of the ozone layer and on the process of incorporation of international instruments in this area of environmental law. It describes these European acts and compares the...
|
|
|
Legal protection of the ozone layer
Žujová, Magdaléna ; Humlíčková, Petra (advisor) ; Snopková, Tereza (referee)
107 Summary The Ozone layer of the Earth located in the stratosphere in an altitude of 20 to 50 kilometres is the important part of the gases surrounding the planet Earth. Its purpose is to absorb UV radiation that otherwise very negatively affects life on the Earth. During the twentieth century, this ability was weakened by the emission of substances proven much later to be very dangerous in this way. Until 1987, by various chemical reactions, in particular of chlorine atoms, the ozone hole has been formed over the South Pole of the Earth, not fully healed yet. In 1985, risk to human life led using the precautionary principle to the adoption of the Vienna Convention and subsequently of its implementing protocol including specific obligations especially the control measures of the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances and of the trade with them in 1987. The protocol was later modified by amendments and adjustments. This diploma thesis describes these acts with respect to their evolution and actual state of knowledge. At European level, it shows the evolution of the European environmental law in focus on the protection of the ozone layer and on the process of incorporation of international instruments in this area of environmental law. It describes these European acts and compares the...
|
|
|
Economic tools in international treaties for the protection of the environment
Hlaváčová, Jana ; Faix, Martin (advisor) ; Žákovská, Karolina (referee)
The subject of this thesis is the usage of economic instruments (EIs) in multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) and their relation to international economic law. The thesis aims at analysing and evaluating the possibilities of using economic instruments, their potential to ensure the compliance with the treaties' provisions and assessing, under which conditions it is possible to use them in compliance with the international economic law. As a lot of economic instruments operate with restrictions to international trade in several manners, they can get in conflict with the law embodying this area, namely the law of the World Trade Organization. The thesis therefore analyses the main principles and provisions of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade that can affect the usage of EIs in MEAs. Most attention is paid to the interpretation of exemptions from the Agreement that can legalize such restrictions. Trade-Related Environmental Measures shouldn't be discriminatory. They shouldn't present arbitrary or unjustifiable restriction to trade against the principles and provisions of the WTO agreements. Such restrictions can only be made based on international agreement. The case of trade restriction based on MEA wasn't yet considered by Dispute Settlement Body and the answer hence depends on the...
|
|
|
Global Environmental Agreements and Their Effectiveness
Tachecí, Petra ; Chlapcová, Ivana (advisor) ; Trávníčková, Zuzana (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with global environmental agreements and their effectiveness. Its aim is to disclose the causes of success of some agreements and, on the contrary, the motives of failure of other agreements. In the theoretical part, the specialities of the environmental problems are illustrated, followed by the introduction to the international environmental law and agreements. In the practical part, two well-known international agreements concerned with atmosphere are compared. They deal with similar problem, but they achieved very different results. The objective of step-by-step comparison of diverse aspects of both agreements is to discover what factors caused the great success of the Montreal Protocol in protecting the ozone layer and why the similarly conceived Kyoto Protocol failed in the combat against climate change. Last chapter concludes this comparison and defines key characteristics which are essential for the effectiveness of the global environmental agreements.
|
guest ::
